Literally translated, the Persian word tahdig (ته دیگ) means “bottom of the pot.” The classic process of making tahdig is part of traditional Persian fluffy steamed rice dishes such as chelow. It involves long-grain rice going through the stages of being thoroughly washed, soaked in salted water for several hours, parboiled in salted boiling water for several minutes, drained, rinsed with cold water, and then slowly steamed in a tightly covered pot, during which time the tahdig is formed as the rice gently crisps in butter at the bottom of the pot. The tahdig is then removed and served in broken golden shards or whole as a magnificent centerpiece.

I have written an extensive article on making chelow, which also includes a recipe that is largely identical to this one, as the process for making chelow also produces tahdig as a byproduct (this recipe leans a little harder into the art of perfecting tahdig, but they are otherwise the same). But since there’s so much to say about both chelow and tahdig, the focus of the headnote in each article is significantly different. To learn more about the larger story of chelow, make sure to read that headnote as well.

There is a sense of mystery associated with making tahdig. It is formed on the very bottom of the pot, well-hidden under a mound of parboiled rice, all while the the pot is tightly lidded. Unlike many other common food preparations, you can’t easily see it, smell it, touch it, hear it, or taste it while it’s being formed. Meanwhile the anticipation builds. Is it ready yet? Has it gotten crunchy and golden enough yet? Has it burned? Not to worry. The proven recipe and techniques detailed below will clear away the mystery; rewarding you and your fellow diners with the ultimate crunchy rice.

My favorite narrative about how tahdig came about dates to the royal menus of the kings of Iran’s Qajar Dynasty who ruled the Persian Empire in 1800s. According to this folkloric narrative, the servants who worked in the king’s residence would have their meals using the leftovers after the chef had served the king’s table. One day, the servants started arguing loudly over who would get the crunchy rice at the bottom of the pot. The commotion over the crunchy rice eventually reached the king and he asked that some of it be brought to him. The king enjoyed eating it, and ordered that this be served to him on a regular basis.

Whatever the true story, by the end of the nineteenth century, tahdig had become part of the diet of high-ranking and well-to-do families in Iran. Two of the earliest Persian cookbooks intended for Iranian urban housewives, written in Persian and published in the early 1900s, include explicit instructions for making tahdig. The principles behind tahdig in these early cookbooks have been—and continue to be—applied by Persian home cooks. The recipe provided here is consistent with these century-old practices, but adapted for a modern Western home kitchen.

You can’t talk about a golden, crispy crust of rice without talking about the Mailiard reaction, the same phenomenon that has a hand in creating the crunchy exterior of a baguette, golden French fries, and the coppery-crisp skin of a roast chicken. It is defined by the complex sequence of transformations that takes place when high heat is applied to amino acids and sugars in presence of some moisture in food, resulting in the development of highly desirable textures, colors, flavors, and aromas.

In making tahdig, however, the Millard reaction needs a second food-science partner to do the job: starch gelatinization. During the parboiling stage, in the presence of water and heat, starch granules in rice grains lose their crystalline structure, start to absorb water, and swell, i.e., they undergo gelatinization. It is these hydrated (gelatinized) rice grains at the bottom of the pot that are subjected to high heat from the stove burner and transform via the Maillard reaction, resulting in the unique texture, color, flavor, and aroma that makes tahdig so irresistible.

You may be wondering why the rest of the rice in the pot doesn’t get crunchy. With an appreciable amount of moisture present in the rest of the pot in the form of steam, and the highly hydrated rice mound above the tahdig layer, the temperature in the rest of the pot remains at just about the boiling point of water of 212° F (100° C), too low for the Maillard reaction to occur. This duality of Maillard reaction doing its magic at the bottom of the pot but not in the rest of the vessel is how tahdig can be crunchy on one side with fluffy rice grains hanging from the other.

It has been said that it takes years to perfect the art of making good tahdig. Having thought and observed others over the years, I have to disagree with that premise. The trick to making good tahdig is threefold:

• to take advantage of a proven recipe and its associated methods;
• to get to know your specific pots and your heat source;
• and to take careful notes from the first couple of times you make it to improve the next attempt.

Even if your tahdig does not come out perfect the first couple of times, it will still taste delicious. Moreover, these initial attempts are highly valuable as they will tell you, for example, whether you need more or less heat and whether you need to cook the tahdig for a longer or shorter period of time on a subsequent attempt.

First and foremost, tahdig is served as an accompaniment along with the Persian rice dish that created it. And this is an important point—tahdig is not the entire rice dish, but instead the golden crust that is the byproduct of the rice dish itself.

Traditionally, pieces of tahdig are scraped off the bottom of the pot and served either on the same platter as the accompanying rice dish or on a separate smaller plate. If served on a separate plate, it is passed around the table apart from the rice platter. With the proliferation of nonstick cooking vessels, it’s now possible to remove the whole unbroken layer of tahdig from the bottom of the pot and serve it in one piece.

Persian rice dishes are often served along with one of the numerous types of exquisite slow-cooked braises called “khoresh” (خورش). A common practice among Persian food lovers is to pour some of the braise over their pieces of tahdig to soak up some of the wonderful savory flavors of the braise. In fact, in Persian restaurants, if one simply orders a side of tahdig, it often comes with a small portion of one the more popular khoreshes; typically, either the yellow split pea khoresh—khoresh-é-gheimeh—or the green herb khoresh—khoresh-é-sabzi—to pour over the crunchy rice. (By the way, many Persian restaurants do not list tahdig on the menu simply because, although they serve plenty of rice dishes, there isn’t enough tahdig generated to give to each customer. But they often have some in the kitchen. If you want some, kindly and quietly ask your waiter and you may be lucky enough to get some.)

With tahdig, there is no concept of leftovers as it is the portion of the meal that disappears completely from the table. There is never enough of it to the point that even individual tahdig crumbs are not wasted.

Before the invention of nonstick cooking vessels, tahdig had to be scraped out of the bottom of the pot in small or large pieces. This process always created a small amount of individual crunchy rice kernels sitting at the bottom of the pot. Some home cooks, including my maternal grandmother, would then throw a fistful of fluffy cooked rice onto the bottom of the pot to capture both the tahdig crumbs and the naturally remaining butter from the bottom of the pot. The cook would then put a few tablespoons of the mixture in the palm of one hand, close their fist, and form an oblong-shaped delightful snack approximately 2 centimeters wide and 4 centimeters long. In Persian, the common name for this scarce creation is “changāli,” meaning something that was formed by closing fingers towards the palm of the hand forming a fist. The cook would then give these special treats to her or his “special people” at the table (as there would only be at most two or three of them) such as the younger members of the family. A double sign of love and caring of the cook, first for not letting anything go to waste and second for sharing the treats with the most loved ones at the table.

While tahdig doesn’t require much in terms of specialized equipment, there are some important details to note about the gear you use:

• The Colander: Most ordinary vegetable colanders are not appropriate for straining rice, as rice grains will slip through the large holes. Handheld fine-mesh strainers are also not appropriate once the rice is parboiled because of their small volume. What is needed is a large, free-standing small-hole colander. If you are going to buy a new one, get the largest one that fits in your sink: The larger the colander, the more the parboiled rice can spread out and the pressure it will put on itself, risking breakage. (Note, though, that you will use a fine-mesh strainer when rinsing the raw rice, as the grains at that point are so thin that they can even get stuck in the holes of a small-hole colander.)
• Pot: Although you can make tahdig in practically any type of pot, there are a few things that you may want to keep in mind. For the parboiling stage, the pot size is more important than the type of pot. You want a large enough pot to allow the rice grains to float and move around freely by themselves while the water is boiling vigorously—that’s at a minimum a six-quart pot for three cups of rice, or a four-quart pot for two cups of rice—otherwise the rice grains will not swell or elongate properly. Typically, the same pot that had been used for parboiling is used again for the second steaming stage of cooking. During the second cooking stage, regardless of what type of pot is used, a layer of crunchy rice called tahdig, a Persian delicacy, is formed at the bottom of the pot. A well-seasoned cast-iron or glazed Dutch oven will make it easier to scrape out the crunchy layer. A nonstick pot will allow you to get the tahdig out in one piece.
• Towel-Wrapped-Lid: Covering the pot during the steaming stage with a towel-wrapped-lid is an ancient Persian cookery technique. It has been such an important technique that there is a word for the towel-wrapped-lid in Persian language. It is called damkoni (دمکنی). There are damkoni-fitted pot lid covers with elastic that slip over pot lids (a.k.a. Persian rice bonnet) that you can purchase online. They do the job, but they are no better than just using a clean, thick kitchen towel. Just be careful not to let the towel hang down the side or the pot, which would create a fire hazard.
• Heat Diffuser: One of the most important aspects of making good tahdig is to ensure even heat distribution during the steaming stage—this leads to more even browning and crisping on the bottom of the pot. While not required, many Iranian home cooks use an inexpensive heat diffuser, a.k.a. A flamer tamer. Alternative means of ensuring even heating include using heavy-bottom pots and rotating your pot every 10 minutes. I often use a combination of these techniques to maximize good results.

Some may be wondering about alternate methods and equipment for producing tahdig, but very few electric rice cookers are designed to do justice to basmati rice let alone making tahdig. There is, however, one brand of electric rice cooker that does an acceptable job of making tahdig: The Pars rice cookers, which are made in Iran but are available in the Western world. They use an absorption method (as opposed to steaming) to cook the rice. They are fully automatic and come in a variety of sizes from 3- to 15-cup capacity. Since they use absorption to cook the rice, the resulting rice is not as light and fluffy, but their internal automatic electric heating system is designed to produce a relatively thin but acceptable crunchy tahdig in one hour. I use this if I am in a hurry, if I have forgotten to soak my rice ahead of time, if I am not cooking for guests, if I am cooking for one or two, and if I want tahdig badly—a lot of ifs there.

How about making tahdig in an Instant Pot? I have tested several different techniques (tricks) to make tahdig in an Instant Pot. I do not recommend it whatsoever. In my tests, not much time was saved, and more importantly, the results were quite unacceptable. There is also a relatively new single-use-kitchen-appliance on the market called The Crispy Rice Cooker. I have not tested it myself yet. Based on what I have read and the videos I have watched, it appears to be a combined non-stick electric frying pan and an extremely shallow (1.5-inch tall) round (6-inch diameter) absorption-style rice cooker. It appears to have been designed for preparing single-servings of certain Southeast Asian rice dishes and not appropriate for making traditional Persian tahdig.

Over the years, Persian home cooks have turned tahdig making into a genre of its own by incorporating other ingredients into the process.

Some of the common ingredients used by Persian cooks to enhance the flavor and modify the texture of their tahdig include steeped liquid saffron, yogurt, or egg yolk. Adding a few teaspoons of steeped liquid saffron to the bottom of the pot enhances both the color and the aroma of the tahdig. Adding yogurt reduces the amount of oil needed and introduces a good amount of tanginess to the tahdig. The addition of egg yolk, meanwhile, results in a slightly more pliable tahdig.

Persian cooks have also expanded the technique of creating a crunchy layer of rice at the bottom of the pot to other ingredients besides rice by carefully incorporating vegetables, bread, meat, poultry, or seafood into the process. In addition to the creation of an expanded set of crunchy delights, these modified methods provide an opportunity for other ingredients to be cooked at the same time and within the same vessel as the rice. Incorporating slices of potato into the tahdig is the most popular of such modifications, followed in popularity by adding various flatbreads (in particular, Persian lavash).

My recommendation, however, is to start your tahdig journey with just the basic rice version using the basic tahdig recipe detailed below. After making the basic rice version once or twice, then try some of the variations. Instructions for making several variations are provided below.

For each of the following variations, only the additional needed ingredients are listed.

Characteristics: The resulting tahdig will have a uniform bright orange color and a strong saffron aroma.

To Make: Steep an additional 1/4 teaspoon ground saffron in 2 tablespoons (30ml) hot water. At Step 5 of the basic recipe, add the steeped saffron liquid to the melted butter and water in the pot. Then add 1 1/2 cups parboiled rice to the pot and thoroughly but gently mix with saffron mixture until evenly coated. Spread rice evenly across the bottom of the pot, then proceed with the recipe, building the mound by gently piling the remaining parboiled rice on top and forming holes in the mound.

Characteristics: The resulting tahdig will have a slightly smoother, yet still crunchy, surface with a pleasant tangy flavor. If using full-fat yogurt, you can reduce the amount of butter a bit. Yogurt tahdig typically comes off the bottom of the pot a bit easier than the basic recipe.

To Make: At Step 5 of the basic recipe, thoroughly mix 1/2 cup yogurt (any unflavored yogurt will work, but I prefer the richness that the tangiest, fullest-fat yogurt provides) to the melted butter and water in the pot. Then add 1 1/2 cups parboiled rice to the pot and thoroughly but gently mix with yogurt mixture until evenly coated. Spread rice evenly across the bottom of the pot, then proceed with the recipe, building the mound by gently piling the remaining parboiled rice on top and forming holes in the mound.

Characteristics:  This variation features a buttery layer of crispy potato rounds with pieces of crunchy rice surrounding them—the best of both worlds! You can slice the potatoes thicker for a more simple pattern of non-overlapping pieces, or go thinner and cover the bottom of the pot with the potato rounds overlapping, for a result that looks like pommes Anna! (Note that fewer pieces of potato will create more crispy rice, while an overlapping pattern will cover more of the surface, creating more crispy potato but less crispy rice.)

To Make: In Steps 4 and 5 of the basic recipe, instead of a mixture of water and melted butter, melt the butter alone and add it to the pot, swirling to coat the bottom of the pot evenly. Thinly slice a peeled Yukon Gold potato (either 1/4 inch thick, for fewer, thicker slices, or 1/8 inch thick for more thin ones). Cover the bottom of the pot with the sliced potato rounds in a ringed pattern, either overlapping (if using thinner slices) or not (if using thicker ones). Sprinkle the potatoes all over with 1/4 teaspoon of salt. Now follow the rest of Step 5 by gently spooning the parboiled rice into the center of the bottom of the pot forming a mound and making holes.

Characteristics: The resulting tahdig will have a smoother surface, will be more pliable, and will have a slight omelet aroma.

At Step 5 of the basic recipe, thoroughly mix 1 large egg yolk with the melted butter and water in the pot. Add 1 1/2 cups parboiled rice to the pot and thoroughly but gently mix with yolk mixture until evenly coated. Spread rice evenly across the bottom of the pot, then proceed with the recipe, building the mound by gently piling the remaining parboiled rice on top and forming holes in the mound.

Characteristics: This will be one of the richest and most aromatic of the tahdig varieties.

To Make: Simply combine the additional ingredients and instructions called for above for saffron tahdig, yogurt tahdig, and egg yolk tahdig, shortening steaming time by 10 minutes per the egg yolk and yogurt tahdig instructions.

Characteristics: This variation results in a crunchy, buttery layer of lavash bread (possibly more delicious than any buttered toast)—not crunchy rice. Regardless of the kind of pot you use, it rarely sticks to the bottom of the pot and usually comes out in one piece. If your lavash bread is very thin, consider making two layers with some extra melted butter brushed in between.

To Make: In Steps 4 and 5 of the basic recipe, instead of a mixture of water and melted butter, melt the butter alone and add it to the pot, swirling to coat the bottom of the pot evenly. Cover the bottom of the pot with a layer of lavash bread, either as one round piece covering the entire bottom of the pot or with torn smaller pieces making a lavash patchwork. Now follow the rest of Step 5 by gently spooning the parboiled rice into the center of the bottom of the pot forming a mound and making holes.

Instead of Lavash bread, you can use flour or corn tortillas. You can also cover the bottom of the pot with lettuce leaves (romaine is most common but other kinds work) resulting in a crunchy round layer of lettuce! Instead of potato rounds, you can use other vegetables like eggplant, zucchini, fennel, etc. (they won’t all get as crispy as potatoes and rice, but they will be delicious). You can even cover the bottom of the pot with chicken wings—using only the wing flats ensures better contact with the bottom of the pan than drumettes or whole wings—or shelled shrimp, though there is the downside of the shrimp being overcooked in order to get them to the crispy stage in the steaming pot. The world of tahdig variations is only limited by your imagination.